Glossary

Know What You Say, Say What You Mean

Understanding the language of IT projects can be challenging, with specialised terms and jargon frequently used in project delivery. This section provides concise definitions to align project teams and stakeholders.
Knowledge Area Term Acronym Definition Category
Process Analysis 5 Whys A problem-solving technique used to identify the root cause of an issue by asking 'Why?' five times in succession. Techniques
Process Analysis 5S 5S A Lean methodology creates an organised, clean, and efficient workplace through five steps: Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardise, and Sustain. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Testing A/B Testing A controlled experiment compares two product versions (version A vs. version B) to determine which performs better based on a specific metric. Techniques
Process Analysis A3 Problem Solving A3 A structured problem-solving methodology used in Lean and Six Sigma involves documenting the problem, analysis, and solution on a single A3-sized page. Techniques
Testing Acceptance Criteria The conditions that a software product must satisfy to be accepted by the user or customer define the success or failure of a test. Techniques
Design Accessibility The design of products, devices, services, or environments for people with disabilities ensures that all users can access and benefit from the product. Techniques
Project Management Action Item A task or item must be completed, usually from a meeting or project discussion. It is assigned to a specific person or team for completion. Outputs
Project Management Actual Cost AC The actual costs incurred for work performed on the project during a specific period. Techniques
Design Adaptive Design A design methodology that adjusts the layout and content of a website or app based on the specific characteristics of the device or screen it is being viewed on. Techniques
Reporting Ad-Hoc Report A report is generated on demand, typically for a specific business need, rather than on a regular schedule. Outputs
Organisational Change ADKAR Model A change management model focusing on five stages of individual change: Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement. Tools
Project Management Administrative Closure The finalisation of all administrative tasks, such as archiving project documentation, updating records, and ensuring the project is officially closed in all systems. Processes
Design Affinity Diagram A visual tool used in design thinking and brainstorming that organises ideas, concepts, or user feedback into related groups for better understanding and synthesis. Techniques
Design Affordance A design principle refers to an object's perceived and actual properties that determine how it can be used, helping users understand its function. Techniques
Project Delivery Agile An iterative approach to project management and software development that emphasises flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Business Architecture Agile Business Architecture A business architecture approach incorporating agile principles and practices allows for flexible and iterative development of business capabilities and processes. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Delivery Agile Manifesto A statement of core values and principles that guide the Agile methodology for software development and project management. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Design Alignment The process of arranging elements on a page or screen to line up in a clear, organised way helps create a clean and visually pleasing layout. Processes
Testing Alpha Testing Internal developers or testers typically conduct the initial testing phase before releasing the product to a limited number of users. Techniques
Data Analysis Alteryx A data analytics platform used to clean, prepare, and analyse data and to automate complex workflows. Tools
Development Angular A TypeScript-based open-source framework for building web applications, known for its two-way data binding and robust tooling. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Reporting Annual Report A comprehensive report summarises an organisation's financial performance, strategic initiatives, and overall progress over a year. Outputs
IT Architecture API Gateway Architecture A server or middleware that acts as a single entry point for managing and routing requests to multiple APIs, often used in microservice architectures. Architecture
Testing Appium A mobile automation testing tool that allows functional testing on iOS and Android applications using a single API. Tools
IT Architecture Application Architecture The process of designing software applications with a focus on their structure, components, and integration with other applications or systems. Architecture
IT Architecture Application Programming Interface API A set of protocols, tools, and definitions that allow different software applications to communicate and interact with each other. Tools
Document Management Approval The formal process of validating and accepting a document, deliverable, or project output as meeting the specified criteria and ready for the next phase or release. Processes
Project Management Approval Gate A decision point during project initiation or execution where key stakeholders review progress or proposals before giving the green light to proceed. Techniques
Document Management Approval Matrix A chart or document that defines the roles and responsibilities of individuals or groups involved in approving different types of documents or deliverables within a project. Techniques
Document Management Approval Process The formal steps and procedures through which documents or deliverables are reviewed, modified, and approved by the designated stakeholders. Processes
Document Management Approval Workflow The sequence of steps includes the individuals or groups responsible for approving documents, deliverables, or project outputs before moving forward. Techniques
Business Architecture Archi A modelling tool for Enterprise Architecture that supports the ArchiMate modelling language for visualising enterprise processes, applications, and technology. Tools
Release and Deployment Artifact A by-product of the software development process, typically a compiled code file (e.g., .jar, .war, .exe) deployed to environments during release. Outputs
Data Analysis Artificial Intelligence AI The simulation of human intelligence in machines programmed to think and learn from data enables them to perform tasks typically requiring human cognition. Techniques
System Analysis As-is Model As-is A model or diagram that represents the current state of a system or process before any changes or improvements are made. Outputs
Project Management Asana Asana A project management tool used to track tasks, manage workflows, and improve team collaboration. Tools
Process Analysis As-Is Process As-Is A term describes the current state of a process or system before any improvements or changes are made. Techniques
Business Analysis Assumption A condition or circumstance accepted as true for the purpose of planning and requirements gathering may not be validated. Techniques
Project Management Assumptions Log A document that captures all assumptions made during the project initiation, such as availability of resources or favourable market conditions, and monitors them throughout the project. Outputs
Risk Management Audit Committee A group of board members is responsible for overseeing an organisation's financial reporting process, audit procedures, and compliance activities. Stakeholders
Reporting Audit Report A formal document produced by an auditor after reviewing and evaluating an organisation's financial or operational activities for accuracy and compliance. Outputs
Risk Management Audit Trail A chronological record of events or transactions that provides evidence of an organisation's adherence to policies, regulations, and controls. Outputs
Document Management Audit Trail A record of all actions taken on a document or deliverable, typically tracked in a version control system or document management system, to ensure accountability and traceability. Outputs
IT Architecture Automation Architecture The design of systems and tools used to automate IT tasks, including deployment, monitoring, testing, and configuration management. Architecture
Testing Automation Testing Using automated tools and scripts to perform testing tasks helps reduce manual effort and speed up the testing process. Techniques
Service Management Availability The ability of a service or system to be operational and accessible when needed is measured as a percentage of uptime. Techniques
Service Management Availability Management The process of ensuring that IT services and infrastructure are available to meet agreed-upon service levels and minimise downtime. Processes
Development Babel A JavaScript compiler that allows developers to use the latest ECMAScript features by transpiling code to backwards-compatible versions. Tools
Implementation Backward Compatibility The ability of a system or software to continue functioning with older versions of hardware, software, or data. Techniques
Project Management Baseline The project plan's approved version includes scope, schedule, and costs. It serves as a reference point for measuring and monitoring project performance. Techniques
System Analysis Behavioural Modelling The process of representing the dynamic aspects of a system, such as user interactions, process flows, and state changes, often using state diagrams or sequence diagrams. Outputs
Organisational Change Change Management Maturity Model A framework used to assess the maturity of an organisation's change management practices, helping to identify areas for improvement and growth in managing change. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Organisational Change Change Management Plan A comprehensive document outlines how an organisation will implement and manage a change initiative, including communication, training, and resistance management strategies. Outputs
Organisational Change Change Metrics Quantitative and qualitative measurements are used to assess the effectiveness of the change process, including employee adoption rates, system performance, and business outcomes. Techniques
Organisational Change Change Network A group of individuals across the organisation who support and advocate for the change initiative. Stakeholders
Organisational Change Change Ownership The degree to which individuals or groups within the organisation take responsibility for driving and supporting change. Techniques
Organisational Change Change Plan Template A predefined template documents the change management strategy, including the steps, timeline, resources, and responsibilities involved in managing the change. Outputs
Organisational Change Change Readiness The degree to which an organisation, its processes, and employees are prepared to embrace and implement change. Techniques
Organisational Change Change Reinforcement The process of embedding new behaviours, practices, or technologies into the organisation to ensure they are sustained over time. Processes
System Analysis Change Request CR A formal proposal to alter any part of the system design or functionality during the system analysis and development phases. Outputs
Project Management Change Request CR A formal proposal to modify the project plan's scope, schedule, cost, or other elements. Techniques
Organisational Change Change Sustainability The ability of an organisation to sustain the changes over time, ensuring that new behaviours, practices, and systems are maintained long after the change has been implemented. Processes
Organisational Change Change Vision A clear and compelling description of the future state the organisation will reach after the change is complete is used to inspire and motivate employees. Techniques
Document Management Check-in/Check-out A process where team members 'check out' a document to make changes and then 'check it in' once changes are complete, ensuring proper version control and preventing conflicts. Techniques
Development CI/CD Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery A set of practices and tools that enable automated testing, integration, and code delivery, promoting faster and more reliable software development cycles. Practices
Development CI/CD Pipeline An automated workflow that facilitates continuous integration and delivery of code involves stages such as build, test, and deployment. Processes
Data Analysis Classification A type of supervised machine learning that aims to predict the categorical label of new data based on historically labelled data. Techniques
Implementation Client Onboarding The process of integrating a new client into a product or service system, ensuring that all initial setup, configurations, and training are completed. Processes
Project Management Closeout Report A formal document is prepared at the end of the project to summarise the outcomes, including a review of scope, deliverables, cost, schedule, and lessons learned. Outputs
IT Architecture Cloud Architecture The design of applications and systems hosted on cloud computing platforms involves scalability, security, and resource management considerations. Architecture
Development Cloud Computing The delivery of computing services, such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics, over the Internet is often used with scalable and flexible infrastructure. Tools
IT Architecture Cloud-Native Architecture Cloud-Native An approach to designing, building, and running applications fully leveraging cloud computing benefits, including scalability, flexibility, and resilience. Architecture
IT Architecture Cloud-Native Development The practice of designing, developing, and deploying applications specifically to run in cloud environments, often using microservices and containers. Processes
Data Analysis Clustering A machine learning technique that groups similar data points into clusters based on similarity is often used in data mining and pattern recognition. Techniques
Design Cognitive Load The total amount of mental effort a user uses to process information while interacting with a system. The goal is to design interfaces that minimise cognitive load. Techniques
Document Management Collaborative Editing A process where multiple individuals can simultaneously make changes or add comments to a document, often facilitated by cloud-based document management tools. Techniques
Design Colour Theory The study of how colours interact with each other, the psychological effects of colours, and how they can be used effectively in design. Techniques
Risk Management Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission COSO A private sector initiative that provides a framework for organisations to assess and improve their internal control systems. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Organisational Change Communication Plan A plan that outlines how information about the change will be communicated to stakeholders, ensuring clear, consistent, and timely messaging. Outputs
Project Management Communication Plan A strategy for communicating project progress, updates, and issues with stakeholders, ensuring transparency and timely information sharing. Outputs
Organisational Change Communication Strategy A plan for communicating the change initiative's goals, reasons, and progress to different stakeholders in the organisation. Outputs
Risk Management Compliance The act of adhering to laws, regulations, guidelines, and standards that govern an organisation's operations. Processes
Risk Management Compliance Audit A systematic review or examination of an organisation's adherence to regulatory requirements and internal policies. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Compliance Audits A process of reviewing vendor and supplier practices to ensure adherence to contractual terms, legal regulations, and organisational policies. Processes
Risk Management Compliance Monitoring The ongoing process of tracking and assessing an organisation's compliance with relevant regulations, policies, and standards. Processes
Risk Management Compliance Officer A designated individual overseeing compliance within an organisation, ensuring adherence to laws, regulations, and internal policies. Stakeholders
Risk Management Compliance Program A set of organised activities within an organisation to ensure adherence to legal, regulatory, and ethical standards and to mitigate risks. Processes
Reporting Compliance Report A report demonstrating an organisation's adherence to regulatory, legal, or internal standards is often used for audits or assessments. Outputs
Risk Management Compliance Risk The risk is that an organisation will fail to comply with relevant laws, regulations, or internal policies, potentially resulting in penalties or reputational damage. Processes
Risk Management Compliance Risk Management The process of identifying, assessing, and managing compliance-related risks to ensure that the organisation adheres to all relevant laws, regulations, and standards. Processes
Project Management Compliance Verification Ensuring that the project meets all relevant legal, regulatory, and organisational compliance requirements before it is closed. Processes
System Analysis Conceptual Design The high-level architecture and fundamental design concepts are established in the early design phase. Techniques
Service Management Configuration Item CI Any component, such as hardware, software, or network components, must be managed to deliver an IT service. Techniques
Release and Deployment Configuration Management The discipline of managing and maintaining the configuration of software systems, including deployment environments, to ensure consistency and integrity across systems. Processes
Service Management Configuration Management Database CMDB A database containing information about configuration items (CIs) and their relationships is used to support service management processes. Tools
Reporting Consolidated Report A report that aggregates data from multiple sources or departments into one comprehensive document, often used for high-level summaries. Outputs
Project Management Constraints Any limitations or restrictions, such as time, budget, resources, or regulatory requirements, could impact the project. Techniques
Project Management Constraints Log A document tracks constraints that may affect the project, such as time, budget, or resource limitations. Outputs
Project Management Constructive Cost Model COCOMO A model is used to estimate a software project's cost, effort, and schedule based on its size and complexity. Techniques
IT Architecture Containerisation Architecture Containerisation Using containers to package and deploy applications and their dependencies provides consistency across different environments and scalability. Architecture
Document Management Content Review A review process focused on evaluating the content of a document to ensure accuracy, relevance, and alignment with business or project requirements. Techniques
Business Analysis Context Diagram A high-level diagram that provides an overview of a system and its interactions with external entities. Outputs
Project Management Contingency Plan A plan is developed to address unforeseen risks or changes, ensuring that the project can continue smoothly despite unexpected events. Outputs
Service Management Continual Improvement Model A model focusing on ongoing efforts to improve services, processes, and outcomes based on feedback, analysis, and iterative enhancements. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Management Project Closeout Closeout In the final phase of a project, all project activities are completed, deliverables are handed over to the client or stakeholder, and lessons learned are documented. Outputs
Project Management Project Closure The process of formally completing and closing a project, including finalising deliverables, documentation, and evaluations. Processes
Project Management Project Closure Checklist A list of tasks and activities to be completed during the project closure phase, ensuring all aspects of the project are finalised. Outputs
Project Management Project Closure Meeting Closure Meeting A formal meeting is held at the end of the project to review the completion of deliverables, discuss any outstanding issues, and finalise project closure. Processes
Project Management Project Closure Notification A formal notification was sent to all relevant stakeholders, informing them of the project's completion and closure. Outputs
Project Management Project Closure Report A summary report outlining the completed activities, lessons learned, financial outcomes, and other critical data needed for final project closure. Outputs
Project Management Project Documentation Archive The process of storing and organising all project documents and records for future access, typically in a centralised repository or document management system. Processes
Project Management Project Execution The phase of the project lifecycle where project plans are put into action, and the work is carried out. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Management Project Governance Governance A framework of processes, roles, responsibilities, and authority to guide the successful management and delivery of the project. Processes
Project Management Project Handover Transferring the project deliverables and responsibilities to the client or operational team. Processes
Project Management Project Initiation Document PID A formal document that outlines the purpose, objectives, scope, stakeholders, and overall structure of the project, marking the official start of the project. Outputs
Project Management Project Kickoff The initial meeting or event at the beginning of a project is to introduce the project team, align stakeholders, and review the project's goals and plan. Practices
Project Management Project Lifecycle The series of phases a project goes through from initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control to closure. Processes
Project Management Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK A set of standard guidelines and best practices for project management is recognised globally as a framework for managing projects. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Management Project Management Information System PMIS A system used for organising, tracking, and managing project data and information, such as schedules and costs. Tools
Project Management Project Management Office PMO A department or group within an organisation is responsible for overseeing project management, ensuring consistent project governance, and aligning projects with organisational goals. Stakeholders
Project Management Project Milestone A significant event or decision point in a project that marks a key achievement or completion of a phase. Techniques
Project Management Project Objectives Clear, measurable goals that the project aims to achieve are typically aligned with the business or organisational strategy. Outputs
Project Management Project Plan A detailed document describing the project's objectives, scope, schedule, cost, and quality requirements is created once the project is formally initiated. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Project Procurement The process of acquiring goods, services, or contracts necessary for project execution. Processes
Project Management Project Risk Any uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, may have a positive or negative effect on the project's objectives. Processes
Project Management Project Schedule A detailed timeline that outlines project activities, their durations, and the sequence of tasks to be completed. Techniques
Project Management Project Scope A project's overall boundaries and deliverables outline what will be included and excluded. Outputs
Project Management Project Sponsor The person or group who provides the financial resources, support, and authority for the project and ensures that the project aligns with business objectives. Stakeholders
Project Management Project Team Team A group of individuals with defined roles and responsibilities responsible for executing the project tasks and achieving project objectives. Stakeholders
Project Management Project Timeline A visual representation or chart that outlines the project's key milestones, deadlines, and task durations, often presented in a Gantt chart format. Techniques
Project Delivery Projects IN Controlled Environments PRINCE2 A process-based methodology for effective project management that focuses on organisation and control throughout the project lifecycle. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Design Prototype An early working model of a product or system used to test and validate design concepts and user interactions before full development. Outputs
Design Prototype Testing Testing a prototype (early design model) to evaluate usability and functionality and gather feedback for improvement. Techniques
System Analysis Prototyping The process of creating an early, simplified version of a system to validate design ideas, gather user feedback, and refine requirements. Processes
Design Proximity A design principle states that related items should be grouped to improve readability and organisation. Techniques
Vendor and Supplier Management Purchase Agreement A legally binding contract between a buyer and supplier specifying the terms and conditions for the sale and delivery of goods or services. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Purchase Order PO A formal document issued by a buyer to a vendor or supplier that outlines the details of the products or services being ordered, including prices, quantities, and delivery terms. Outputs
Data Analysis Python A programming language widely used for data analysis, statistical modelling, automation, and machine learning. Languages
Data Analysis QlikView A business intelligence tool that provides data analysis, reporting, and visualisation features to enable decision-making and data-driven insights. Tools
Project Management Quality Assurance QA The proactive process of defining and ensuring quality standards and procedures are met throughout the project. Processes
Implementation Quality Assurance Ensuring that the products and processes meet certain quality standards, often through structured testing during the implementation phase. Processes
Testing Quality Control QC The process of inspecting and testing the actual product or service to identify defects, often after it has been developed. It focuses on verifying the correctness of the product. Processes
Project Management Quality Management Ensuring the project's outputs meet the required standards and specifications by planning, monitoring, and controlling quality. Processes
Document Management Quality Review A review process focused on ensuring that the product or document meets the required quality standards before approval or release. Techniques
Reporting Quarterly Report A report that summarises activities and financials over a quarter (3 months) to assess business performance and progress. Outputs
Data Analysis R Programming R A programming language and environment for statistical computing and data analysis, widely used for complex analytics, modelling, and visualisation. Tools
Project Delivery Rapid Application Development RAD A software development methodology that emphasises quick prototyping and iterative development to deliver products faster. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Delivery Rational Unified Process RUP An iterative software development methodology focused on defining software requirements early and improving the quality of the product over time. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Development React A JavaScript library for building user interfaces, particularly for creating dynamic single-page applications with reusable components. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Reporting Real-Time Reporting A reporting that provides instant updates, ensuring that decision-makers have the most current information available. Outputs
Development Redis An open-source, in-memory data structure store used as a database, cache, and message broker, often employed for fast data retrieval. Tools
Document Management Redlining The process of marking changes, edits, or revisions on a document, typically using a specific format or markup to highlight changes from previous versions. Processes
Testing Regressed Test A test that was previously executed and passed is now re-executed to confirm that changes or new updates have not introduced new defects. Techniques
Data Analysis Regression A statistical method used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables is often used for prediction. Techniques
Testing Regression Testing The process of testing changes or updates to software to ensure that previously working functionalities have not been negatively affected. Processes
Release and Deployment Release Candidate A version of a software product that is potentially ready for production release, having passed internal testing, and is ready for final validation. Outputs
Implementation Release Management Planning, designing, and deploying new or changed IT services and components into production environments. Processes
Release and Deployment Release Management The process of planning, scheduling, and controlling the movement of releases to test and live environments, ensuring they are delivered efficiently and securely. Processes
Release and Deployment Release Train A scheduled, repeatable approach to releasing software where features and updates are planned and delivered in time-boxed iterations. Techniques
Reporting Report Automation Using software or tools to generate and distribute reports automatically saves time and reduces human error. Processes
Reporting Report Generation Create reports by gathering data from various sources and presenting them in a structured, organised format. Processes
Reporting Report Template A pre-defined format or structure for reports that can be filled in with relevant data. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Request for Information RFI A document used to gather preliminary information from potential suppliers or vendors about their capabilities, products, or services. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Request for Proposal RFP A document issued by an organisation to solicit bids from potential vendors or suppliers for goods or services required. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Request for Quotation RFQ A process where an organisation invites suppliers to provide price quotes for specific products or services. Outputs
Service Management Request Fulfillment The process of handling user service requests typically involves access to standard services such as password resets or hardware requests. Processes
Business Analysis Requirement Change Control The process of managing changes to requirements, ensuring that changes are evaluated, documented, and implemented systematically. Processes
Business Analysis Requirement Dependency The relationship between two or more requirements where one requirement cannot be fulfilled until another is completed or validated. Techniques
System Analysis Requirement Elicitation Gathering requirements from stakeholders through interviews, surveys, observations, and workshops. Processes
Business Analysis Requirement Engineering A discipline within systems engineering that focuses on gathering, documenting, and managing requirements for a product or system. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Business Analysis Requirement Gap A discrepancy or missing requirement must be addressed to meet the full business need or system functionality. Techniques
Business Analysis Requirement Gathering Identifying and documenting the requirements for a system or project, typically through interviews, surveys, workshops, or observation. Processes
Business Analysis Requirement Review A process where relevant stakeholders review requirements documents to ensure they are clear, complete, and valid. Techniques
Business Analysis Requirement Traceability Matrix RTM A document that ensures that each requirement is linked to its corresponding design, development, and testing activities, ensuring no requirements are missed. Outputs
Business Analysis Requirement Validation Ensuring that requirements are correct, complete, feasible, and aligned with stakeholder needs and project goals. Processes
Business Analysis Requirement Verification The process of ensuring that the final deliverables meet the stated requirements through testing and reviews. Processes
Business Analysis Requirements Analysis The process of evaluating and breaking down gathered requirements to ensure they are clear, feasible, and aligned with business objectives. Processes
Business Analysis Requirements Elicitation Elicitation Gathering stakeholder requirements using various techniques like interviews, surveys, and workshops. Processes
Business Analysis Requirements Management The process of documenting, analysing, tracing, prioritising, and agreeing on requirements, controlling changes and communicating to relevant stakeholders. Processes
Business Analysis Requirements Specification A formal document that outlines all the specific details, including both functional and non-functional aspects, that a product must fulfil. Outputs
Business Analysis Requirements Traceability The process of ensuring the final solution meets all requirements and can be traced through design, implementation, and testing. Processes
Business Analysis Requirements Traceability Matrix RTM A tool used to ensure that requirements are met throughout the project lifecycle by linking them to project deliverables. Outputs
Organisational Change Resistance Management Identifying, addressing, and reducing resistance to change from employees or stakeholders during an organisational change initiative. Processes
Organisational Change Resistance Mapping Identifying individuals or groups within an organisation who are likely to resist change and understanding the reasons for resistance. Processes
Organisational Change Resistance to Change The pushback or reluctance that employees or other stakeholders show when faced with organisational changes. Resistance may come from fear, uncertainty, or lack of understanding of the change. Processes
Project Management Resource Allocation Assigning available resources (time, personnel, budget) to project tasks based on priority, workload, and availability. Processes
Project Management Resource Levelling A technique used in project scheduling that adjusts tasks' start and finish dates to ensure that resource usage is balanced across the project. Techniques
Project Management Resource Management The process of planning, allocating, and managing resources (people, equipment, money) throughout the project lifecycle to ensure optimal use. Processes
Project Management Resource Plan A document outlines the resources (human, financial, physical, or technological) needed for the project, including their availability and allocation. Outputs
Project Management Resource Release The formal process of releasing resources, such as personnel, equipment, or materials, that were assigned to the project but are no longer needed. Processes
Project Management Resource Smoothing A technique used to adjust the project schedule to ensure resources are allocated efficiently without extending the overall project timeline. Techniques
Project Management Resourcing The process of allocating and scheduling human resources, equipment, and materials for project tasks. Processes
Project Management Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed RACI A matrix is used to clarify roles and responsibilities in a project, indicating who is responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed for each task or deliverable. Techniques
Design Responsive Design A design approach that ensures an application or website automatically adjusts to fit various screen sizes and devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, and desktops. Techniques
Development RESTful API An architectural style for designing networked applications where resources are defined and accessed via stateless operations. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Reporting Return on Investment ROI A measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment, calculated by dividing the gain from the investment by its cost. Techniques
Document Management Review Examining a document, deliverable, or project output to ensure it meets the specified requirements and quality standards. Processes
Document Management Revision A change or update to a document or deliverable is typically recorded and tracked through a version control system. Techniques
Risk Management Risk An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on project objectives. Techniques
Risk Management Risk Assessment The process of evaluating the potential risks that could affect a project or organisation, considering their likelihood and impact. Processes
Project Management Risk Closure Reviewing, mitigating, and closing any outstanding risks or issues identified during the project, ensuring they are resolved or transferred to other departments. Processes
Risk Management Risk Control The actions taken to manage, reduce, or eliminate identified risks in an organisation or project. Processes
Risk Management Risk Governance The framework and processes used by an organisation to manage and oversee its risk management activities, ensuring that they align with business objectives and regulatory requirements. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Implementation Risk Management The process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks during the implementation of a project or system to ensure successful delivery. Processes
Risk Management Risk Management The process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks that could impact an organisation's ability to achieve its objectives. Processes
Risk Management Risk Mitigation Mitigation Developing strategies and actions to reduce the impact or probability of identified project risks. Processes
Risk Management Risk Owner The individual or group responsible for managing a specific risk, ensuring it is monitored and mitigated as necessary. Stakeholders
Project Management Risk Register A document used to identify, assess, and manage risks throughout the project lifecycle, tracking the status and response actions. Outputs
Reporting Risk Report A report that assesses and outlines the risks to an organisation, project, or business, including their potential impact and mitigation strategies. Outputs
Risk Management Risk Tolerance The level of risk an organisation is willing to accept to pursue its objectives, balancing risk against potential reward. Processes
Testing Risk-Based Testing A testing approach where test cases are prioritised based on the risk or potential impact of failure, ensuring high-priority areas are thoroughly tested. Techniques
Project Management Risks, Assumptions, Issues, and Dependencies RAID A management tool for identifying and tracking key project elements: risks, assumptions, issues, and dependencies critical to project success. Techniques
Release and Deployment Rollback The process of reverting a system or application to a previous version or state, typically after a failed deployment or issue in the new version. Processes
Implementation Rollback Plan A contingency plan specifies how to revert a system or application to its previous state in case of an unsuccessful implementation or deployment. Outputs
Release and Deployment Rollout The process of releasing a software update or feature to end users, typically in stages, to minimise risks associated with new releases. Processes
Implementation Rollout Deploying a new system or product to users in stages ensures the implementation process is controlled and tested before full-scale deployment. Techniques
Release and Deployment Rollout Plan A strategic plan detailing how a software release will be introduced to users, including timing, communication, and support. Outputs
Process Analysis Root Cause The primary, underlying factor is responsible for a particular problem or issue in a process. Techniques
Service Management Root Cause The primary factor or issue that causes an incident or problem is often uncovered through troubleshooting and analysis. Techniques
Process Analysis Root Cause Analysis RCA A problem-solving technique is used to identify the underlying causes of problems or defects, often using tools like the '5 Whys' or Fishbone diagram. Techniques
Service Management Root Cause Analysis Investigating and identifying the primary cause of recurring incidents or problems to prevent future occurrences. Processes
System Analysis Root Cause Analysis The process of identifying the underlying causes of problems or issues within a system to ensure proper resolution and prevent recurrence. Processes
Development Ruby A dynamic, object-oriented programming language known for its simplicity and ease of use, particularly popular in web development with the Ruby on Rails framework. Languages
Development Ruby on Rails A server-side web application framework written in Ruby, following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Development RubyGems A package manager for the Ruby programming language that provides a central repository for managing libraries and tools. Tools
Reporting Sales Report A report that tracks sales activities, figures, and performance against sales targets or forecasts. Outputs
Data Analysis Sampling Selecting a subset (sample) of data from a larger population to conclude the whole dataset. Processes
Release and Deployment Sandbox A testing environment that isolates code or software changes from the live production environment, allowing for experimentation and testing without affecting live systems. Tools
Testing Sanity Testing A subset of regression testing is conducted to determine if a particular function or bug fix works correctly before proceeding with further testing. Techniques
Data Analysis SAS A software suite for advanced analytics, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics. Tools
Project Delivery Scaled Agile Framework SAFe A framework that applies Agile principles at scale for larger enterprises, aligning team, program, and portfolio work. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Management Schedule Compression Reducing the overall project duration through techniques such as fast-tracking or crashing. Processes
Project Management Schedule Control Monitoring and controlling project timelines ensures the project stays on track and is completed on time. Processes
Project Management Schedule Performance Index SPI Schedule efficiency is calculated by dividing earned value by planned value. Techniques
Project Management Schedule Variance SV The difference between earned and planned value shows whether the project is ahead or behind schedule. Techniques
Project Management Scope The sum of all deliverables and objectives to be achieved during a project, including boundaries and exclusions. Techniques
Project Management Scope Creep The uncontrolled or unapproved expansion of a project's scope often leads to delays, cost overruns, and project failure. Processes
Business Analysis Scope Definition The process of defining and documenting the boundaries of a project, specifying what is included and excluded in terms of deliverables, tasks, and activities. Processes
Project Management Scope Statement A document that clearly defines the scope of the project, including deliverables, boundaries, and constraints, setting expectations for what will and will not be included. Outputs
Project Delivery Scrum An Agile framework is used for managing and completing complex projects by breaking them into small, manageable sprint tasks. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Delivery Scrumban A hybrid project management methodology that combines elements of Scrum and Kanban to provide flexibility and efficiency in project delivery. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
IT Architecture Security Architecture The process of designing secure systems and networks, including identifying security risks, controls, and compliance requirements for an organisation's IT environment. Architecture
Testing Selenium A testing tool for automating web browsers, used for functional testing, regression testing, and automating web application testing. Tools
Service Management Self-Service Portal A web-based interface that allows users to request services, report incidents, or access knowledge articles without direct interaction with the service desk staff. Tools
Development Serverless A cloud-computing model where cloud providers manage server infrastructure, allowing developers to focus on building and deploying code without managing the underlying hardware. Tools
IT Architecture Serverless Computing Architecture Serverless Computing A cloud computing model where the cloud provider automatically manages the infrastructure, allowing developers to focus on writing code rather than managing servers. Architecture
Business Architecture Service Blueprint A visual representation of the service delivery process, showing the customer journey, employee actions, and underlying support systems. Outputs
Service Management Service Catalogue A detailed list of IT services a service provider offers, including descriptions, pricing, and availability information. Outputs
Service Management Service Delivery The execution of services by a vendor or supplier as defined in the contract or SLA, focusing on ensuring quality, timeliness, and customer satisfaction. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Business Architecture Service Delivery Model A framework for how services are provided to customers, including the processes, people, and technology involved. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Service Management Service Desk A single point of contact between users and IT support teams is designed to manage incidents and service requests and provide support. Stakeholders
Service Management Service Level Agreement SLA A contract or agreement that defines the level of service expected from a service provider, detailing response times, uptime, and support levels after implementation. Outputs
Service Management Service Level Agreement Monitoring SLA Monitoring Tracking and measuring the vendor's performance against the terms outlined in the Service Level Agreement. Processes
Service Management Service Level Management SLM Defining, managing, and monitoring the quality of IT services to meet business needs and agreed-upon service levels. Processes
Service Management Service Level Objective SLO A specific, measurable target within an SLA that outlines the level of service performance expected for a particular service. Techniques
Service Management Service Management The overall process of planning, delivering, managing, and improving how IT services are used within an organisation. Processes
Service Management Service Operation The phase in the service lifecycle focused on delivering services efficiently and effectively to meet customer needs daily. Processes
Service Management Service Owner An individual is responsible for a particular IT service's overall quality and management, ensuring it meets business requirements. Stakeholders
Service Management Service Provider An organisation or third-party entity that provides and manages IT services for an enterprise or customer. Stakeholders
Service Management Service Reporting The process of capturing, analysing, and presenting data related to the performance of IT services, often through dashboards or reports. Processes
Service Management Service Transition The phase in the service lifecycle is responsible for managing the transition of a new or changed service into the live environment. Processes
IT Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture SOA An architectural pattern that structures IT systems into loosely coupled services that can be reused and combined to meet business requirements. Architecture
Document Management Sign-off Formal, final approval of a document or deliverable, indicating it meets requirements and can be closed or moved to the next phase. Techniques
Process Analysis Simulation A technique used to model and analyse the behaviour of a system or process under different conditions using computer models. Techniques
Process Analysis SIPOC Diagram SIPOC A high-level process mapping tool is used to visualise Suppliers, Inputs, Processes, Outputs, and Customers in a process. Techniques
Project Delivery Six Sigma A data-driven methodology focused on eliminating defects and improving processes by identifying and removing the causes of variation. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Design Sketching The process of quickly drawing design ideas and concepts to explore possibilities and communicate early-stage design concepts. Processes
Service Management SLA Monitoring Monitoring the performance and quality of IT services to ensure that agreed-upon SLAs are met. Processes
Testing Smoke Testing A preliminary level of testing is performed to check if the basic functionalities of an application work as expected before more extensive testing is carried out. Techniques
Development SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol A protocol for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services, typically using XML for message formatting. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
IT Architecture Software as a Service SaaS A cloud-based software delivery model where applications are hosted by a third-party provider and accessed over the internet on a subscription basis. Technologies
Business Analysis Software Requirements Specification SRS A detailed description of the software's functionality, including functional and non-functional requirements. Outputs
Testing Software Testing Life Cycle STLC A series of steps followed during the software testing process to ensure the software's quality. This includes planning, design, execution, and closure of testing activities. Processes
IT Architecture Software-Defined Networking An IT architecture that separates network control from physical hardware, allowing network administrators to manage traffic and resources through software-based controllers. Architecture
Development SonarQube A tool used for static code analysis, measuring code quality, and detecting bugs, vulnerabilities, and code smells. Tools
Vendor and Supplier Management Sourcing Identifying and selecting suppliers or vendors for required goods or services is often part of a procurement strategy. Processes
Process Analysis Spaghetti Diagram A process mapping tool that visually represents the flow of materials or information through a system, often revealing inefficiencies and waste. Techniques
Organisational Change Sponsorship The active support and endorsement from senior leaders or managers for a change initiative provide authority and resources for successful implementation. Techniques
Development Spring Framework A comprehensive programming and configuration model for Java-based enterprise applications, offering support for dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and more. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Project Delivery Sprint A short, time-boxed iteration in Agile methodologies, especially Scrum, where a specific set of deliverables is completed. Techniques
Project Management Sprint Backlog A list of tasks or user stories that the Scrum team aims to complete in a particular sprint derived from the product backlog. Outputs
Project Management Sprint Review A meeting is held at the end of each sprint in agile projects where the team demonstrates the work completed during the sprint and gathers feedback. Techniques
Data Analysis SPSS A statistical software package used for data analysis, statistical modelling, and hypothesis testing. Tools
Development SQL Structured Query Language A standard language used for querying and managing relational databases, supporting data definition, manipulation, and control. Tools
Release and Deployment Staging Deployment Deploying software in an environment that closely mirrors production is used for final testing and quality assurance before a live release. Processes
Release and Deployment Staging Environment An environment that mimics the production environment is used to test the final version of the software before it is deployed to production. Tools
Project Management Stakeholder Any individual, group, or organisation that can affect or perceive themselves to be affected by a project or initiative. Stakeholders
Organisational Change Stakeholder Analysis The process of identifying, analysing, and understanding the interests and influences of key stakeholders within the organisation. Processes
System Analysis Stakeholder Analysis Identifying, analysing, and prioritising individuals, groups, or organisations affected by or are interested in the system or project. Processes
Organisational Change Stakeholder Analysis Identifying and evaluating stakeholders' interests, influence, and needs to ensure their involvement and commitment during a change process. Processes
Project Management Stakeholder Analysis Identifying, assessing, and managing stakeholders' expectations, needs, and influence throughout the project lifecycle. Processes
Business Analysis Stakeholder Analysis The process of identifying the key stakeholders in a project, understanding their needs and expectations, and ensuring their requirements are captured. Processes
Project Management Stakeholder Communication The process of informing stakeholders about the project's closure, including the final status, lessons learned, and any remaining actions. Processes
Organisational Change Stakeholder Engagement The process of involving and gaining support from all relevant stakeholders to ensure the success of a change initiative. Techniques
Project Management Stakeholder Management The process of identifying, analysing, and engaging stakeholders to ensure their needs and expectations are met. Processes
Organisational Change Stakeholder Mapping The process of categorising stakeholders based on their influence, interest, and impact on the project or initiative. Processes
Organisational Change Stakeholder Register A document that identifies all the stakeholders involved in the project, detailing their interests, impact, and level of influence on the project. Outputs
Project Management Stakeholder Report A communication tool used to inform stakeholders about the project's progress, challenges, and upcoming milestones. Outputs
Business Analysis Stakeholder Requirements Requirements that come from the stakeholders or end-users of the system, outlining their needs, desires, and expectations for the product. Outputs
Document Management Stakeholder Review A review process in which key stakeholders or subject matter experts provide feedback on documents or deliverables to ensure they meet expectations. Techniques
Reporting Standard Report A regularly scheduled report that follows a predetermined format, often based on key metrics and KPIs. Outputs
Project Management Statement of Work SOW A formal document that defines the scope, objectives, deliverables, and timeline for a project or contract. Outputs
Testing Static Testing A type of testing that involves examining the software's code, documentation, and other artifacts without executing the program, often performed through code reviews or inspections. Techniques
Project Management Status Meeting A recurring meeting where the project manager and team discuss the project's current status, issues, risks, and progress. Processes
Project Management Status Report A report that updates the project's progress, including key performance indicators, risks, issues, and actions taken. Outputs
Design Storyboard A visual representation of how a user will interact with a system is often used to map out the flow of a process or a series of events in a product. Techniques
Business Architecture Strategic Alignment Ensuring that business capabilities, operations, and projects are aligned with the strategic goals and vision of the organisation. Processes
Testing Stress Testing A type of testing that evaluates how a system behaves under extreme conditions or high loads to determine its breaking point. Techniques
Data Analysis Structured Query Language SQL A standardised programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases, enabling users to query, update, and manage data. Languages
Project Management Success Criteria The specific criteria or conditions will determine whether the project has met its objectives and is successful. Techniques
Project Management Success Criteria Validation Confirming that the project has met the agreed-upon success criteria, typically through a formal review or assessment at closure. Processes
Reporting Summary Report A concise report that summarises key findings, results, or insights from a more detailed or lengthy document. Outputs
Vendor and Supplier Management Supplier Collaboration Working closely with suppliers to improve mutual processes, share information, and enhance the overall supply chain performance. Techniques
Vendor and Supplier Management Supplier Diversity The practice of sourcing from diverse suppliers, particularly those owned by minorities, women, veterans, or other underrepresented groups. Techniques
Vendor and Supplier Management Supplier Evaluation The process of assessing and reviewing potential suppliers or existing vendors to determine their ability to meet the organisation's quality, performance, and cost requirements. Processes
Vendor and Supplier Management Supplier Relationship Management SRM A strategic approach to managing interactions with key suppliers to maximise the value of those relationships, ensuring long-term success and mutually beneficial outcomes. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Vendor and Supplier Management Supplier Risk Management Identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks related to the performance and reliability of suppliers and vendors. Processes
Process Analysis Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Customer SIPOC A high-level process mapping tool is used to identify key elements of a process, including suppliers, inputs, outputs, and customers. Techniques
Vendor and Supplier Management Supply Chain Management Managing the flow of goods and services, from raw materials to the final product delivered to the customer, includes vendor and supplier relationships. Processes
Implementation Support Model The framework or system for providing ongoing support to end-users after implementation, including helpdesk services, troubleshooting, and maintenance. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Development Swift A powerful and intuitive programming language for iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS app development, developed by Apple. Languages
Project Management SWOT Analysis SWOT A strategic planning tool is used to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to a business or project. Techniques
System Analysis System Architecture The high-level structure of a system, describing its components, their relationships, and the technologies used. Architecture
Implementation System Configuration Adjusting system settings, parameters, and options ensures that a software application or hardware system is set up according to requirements. Processes
System Analysis System Decomposition The process of breaking down a complex system into smaller, manageable components or subsystems for analysis and design. Processes
Implementation System Deployment Installing, configuring, and enabling a system to go live and become functional for end users. Processes
Design User Journey A map or flowchart depicts a user's interactions and experiences when engaging with a product or service. Techniques
Design User Persona Based on data and research, a semi-fictional representation of the target user is used to guide design decisions. Techniques
Business Analysis User Story A brief, informal description of one or more features or functionalities that a user needs from the system, often used in Agile methodologies. Techniques
Business Architecture Value Proposition A statement or description of a business's unique value to its customers, addressing their needs and pain points. Outputs
Process Analysis Value Stream An organisation performs a series of steps or activities to deliver a product or service to customers, focusing on maximising value and minimising waste. Techniques
Process Analysis Value Stream Mapping VSM A lean-management tool used to analyse and design the flow of materials and information required to bring a product or service to a customer. Techniques
Process Analysis Value Stream Mapping A method for analysing and visualising the flow of information and materials needed to bring a product or service to a customer, often used in implementing process improvements. Techniques
Data Analysis Variable An attribute, feature, or characteristic of a dataset that can be measured and varied is often used as an independent or dependent variable in statistical models. Techniques
Project Management Variance Analysis The process of comparing actual project performance against the planned performance, identifying discrepancies, and taking corrective actions. Processes
Project Management Variance at Completion VAC The difference between the original budget (BAC) and the estimated cost at completion (EAC) indicates whether the project is expected to be under or over budget. Techniques
Reporting Variance Report A report used to compare actual performance against budgeted or expected performance, highlighting differences or variances. Outputs
Service Management Vendor Audit A detailed review of a supplier's or vendor's financial records, processes, and practices to ensure they comply with agreed-upon terms and industry standards. Processes
Service Management Vendor Compliance Ensuring that vendors meet all regulatory, legal, and contractual obligations, including ethical standards and environmental requirements. Processes
Service Management Vendor Consolidation The practice of reducing the number of suppliers or vendors to streamline operations, reduce complexity, and negotiate better terms. Techniques
Service Management Vendor Management Selecting, managing, and maintaining relationships with third-party vendors and suppliers to ensure they meet business needs and performance expectations. Processes
Service Management Vendor Negotiation Discussing and agreeing on terms and conditions with a supplier or vendor, often to secure favourable pricing, terms, and delivery schedules. Processes
Service Management Vendor Onboarding The process of integrating a new vendor or supplier into the organisation's supply chain, ensuring compliance with company standards and policies. Processes
Service Management Vendor Performance Management The process of monitoring and evaluating the performance of vendors and suppliers based on agreed-upon metrics such as quality, timeliness, and service levels. Processes
Risk Management Vendor Risk The potential risks arise from third-party vendors, including non-compliance, financial instability, or failure to meet contractual obligations. Processes
Vendor and Supplier Management Vendor Tiering The practice of categorising vendors into different levels or tiers based on their importance, volume of business, and strategic value. Techniques
Business Analysis Verification Matrix A matrix tracks how each requirement is validated during testing, verifying all requirements against the final product. Outputs
Release and Deployment Version Control A system that records changes to a file or set of files over time allows multiple software versions to be managed and tracked. Techniques
Document Management Version Control System VCS A tool used to track changes to documents or code, enabling teams to manage revisions and keep a history of document versions. Techniques
Document Management Version History A record of all versions of a document, including changes made and who made them, is used to track the document's evolution over time. Techniques
Document Management Versioning The practice of assigning unique version identifiers to different iterations of a document or deliverable, typically to manage updates and track progress over time. Techniques
IT Architecture Virtualisation Architecture Virtualisation The design and use of virtual resources (e.g., virtual machines, virtual networks, virtual storage) to maximise efficiency, scalability, and cost savings in IT environments. Architecture
Design Visual Design The process of designing the aesthetics of the user interface, including layout, colour schemes, typography, and imagery, to create an appealing and functional UI. Processes
Design Visual Hierarchy The arrangement of elements in a design indicates their importance, guiding the viewer's eye to focus on key information first. Techniques
Testing V-Model A software development methodology that emphasises validation and verification in a V-shaped process, where each phase corresponds to a testing phase. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Development Vue.js A progressive JavaScript framework used for building user interfaces and single-page applications, focusing on simplicity and flexibility. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Document Management Walkthrough A detailed step-by-step review of a document, design, or deliverable, where team members discuss each aspect to identify errors or gaps. Techniques
Project Management Warranty Period A defined period after project completion during which the contractor or service provider is responsible for fixing any defects or issues with the deliverables. Processes
Project Delivery Waterfall A traditional project management methodology where each project phase (requirements, design, implementation) flows sequentially. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Development Webpack A static module bundler for JavaScript applications, enabling bundling of assets, optimisation, and management of dependencies. Tools
Testing White Box Testing A testing technique involves testing a software application's internal workings, such as code structure, algorithms, and data flow. Techniques
Design Wireframe A basic, low-fidelity visual representation of a webpage or application layout is often used to plan and structure the user interface (UI) design. Outputs
Project Management Work Breakdown Structure WBS A hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller, manageable tasks or components to facilitate project management. Techniques
Project Management Work In Progress WIP The total work or tasks currently being worked on in a given project or system. Techniques
Project Management Work Package A group of related tasks or activities that are managed together to form a deliverable or component of a project. Outputs
Development XML Extensible Markup Language A markup language is used to store and transport data in a machine-readable format, focusing on simplicity and extensibility. Data Formats
Development YAML YAML Ain't Markup Language A human-readable data serialisation format is used to configure files and exchange between languages with different data structures. Languages
IT Architecture Zachman Framework A schema for organising and classifying the different aspects of an enterprise architecture, including its people, processes, data, and technology. Methodologies, Frameworks, and Approaches
Testing Zephyr A test management tool for planning, tracking, and managing tests across different testing teams. Tools
Release and Deployment Zero-Downtime Deployment A deployment strategy that ensures updates or changes are applied to production without causing any downtime or service interruption for end users. Techniques

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